York (1770–after 1815) was an enslaved African American who became the only Black member of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, making significant contributions to its success. Born to enslaved parents, York was owned by William Clark, who inherited him from his father. York’s role during the 1804–1806 expedition was vital. He participated fully, serving as a hunter, laborer, and negotiator with Native American tribes. His unique presence fascinated Native Americans, and his hunting skills and physical strength were noted in the expedition’s journals. He was the first African American to travel across the continent and see the Pacific Ocean.
Despite his substantial role in the expedition, York remained enslaved afterward. He hoped for his freedom, believing his service had earned it, but Clark repeatedly denied his requests. Frustrated and discontented, York’s relationship with Clark deteriorated, and he was eventually hired out or sold.
Details of York’s later life are unclear. Clark claimed that York was freed and became a wagoner but described him as struggling with freedom and claimed he died of cholera. However, this account is considered dubious. Some speculate that York may have settled among the Crow Nation, based on accounts of a Black man living with them in the 1830s.
York’s contributions to the Lewis and Clark expedition were largely unrecognized for many years, but he is now remembered as an important figure in American exploration history. Monuments have been erected in his honor, and his legacy continues to grow.
